Compiler Design Important Questions Must Read

IPR Mid-2 assignment quetions with answers.

1.Define patent?write about conditions to satisfy patent law?

 patent:

A government authority or licence conferring a right or title for a set period, especially the sole right to exclude others from making, using, or selling an invention

Conditions:

The patent laws usually require that, for an invention to be patentable, it must be:

• Patentable subject matter, i.e., a kind of subject-matter eligible for patent protection
• Novel (i.e. at least some aspect of it must be new)
• Non-obvious (in United States patent law) or involve an inventive step (in European patent law)
• Useful (in U.S. patent law) or be susceptible of industrial application (in European patent law^[1])

Usually the term "patentability" only refers to "substantive" conditions, and does not refer to formal conditions such as the "sufficiency of disclosure", the "unity of invention" or the "best mode requirement".

Judging patentability is one aspect of the official examination of a patent application performed by a patent examiner and may be tested in post-grant patent litigation.

Prior to filing a patent application, inventors sometimes obtain a patentability opinion from a patent agent or patent attorney regarding whether an invention satisfies the substantive conditions of patentability.

2.define Trade secret?physical protection to trade secrets?

A trade secret is a formula, practice, process, design, instrument, pattern, commercial method, or compilation of information which is not generally known or reasonably ascertainable by others, and by which a business can obtain an economic advantage over competitors or customers.^[1] In some jurisdictions, such secrets are referred to as "confidential information", but are generally not referred to as "classified information" in the United States, since that refers to government secrets protected by a different set of laws and practices.

1. Identify your company’s valuable trade secrets.

2. Develop a trade secret protection policy for your company and put it in writing. 

3. Educate your employees about your Trade Secret Protection Policy and monitor their compliance. 

4. Restrict trade secret access to employees with a legitimate, business-related, need to know.

5. Mark documents containing your company’s trade secrets. 

3.New devolopments in trademark law?

• The first lawsuit brought under ACPA was filed by actor Brad Pitt against two domainname

holders. Mr. Pitt was successful.

• J. Crew International Inc. won a decision under the UDRP after an individual registered

“crew.com” and attempted to sell it to J. Crew. Other successful complainants

include NASDAQ and Madonna.

• A federal court has held that an Internet domain name registrar cannot be sued for

civil rights violations for refusing to register domain names that included obscene

terms.

• By late 2000, Internet users had registered more than 31 million domain names.

• The makers of the movie Spider Man were allowed to superimpose digital images on

real-life billboards. The makers altered Times Square billboards by superimposing ads

from companies such as Cingular Wireless over the real ads for Samsung and NBC. The

court ruled that the digital alterations were protected free speech.

• “Dot com” is the most popular domain suffix

4.write about international copyright law?

International Copyright

There is no such thing as an “international copyright” that will automatically protect an author’s writings throughout the world. Protection against unauthorized use in a particular country depends on the national laws of that country. However, most countries offer protection to foreign works under certain conditions that have been greatly simplified by international copyright treaties and conventions. There are two principal international copyright conventions, the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works (Berne Convention) and the Universal Copyright Convention (UCC).

The United States became a member of the Berne Convention on March 1, 1989. It has been a member of the UCC since September 16, 1955. Generally, the works of an author who is a national or domiciliary of a country that is a member of these treaties or works first published in a member country or published within 30 days of first publication in a Berne Convention country can claim protection under the treaties. There are no formal requirements in the Berne Convention. Under the UCC, any formality in a national law can be satisfied by the use of a notice of copyright in the form and position specified in the UCC. A UCC notice should consist of the symbol © (C in a circle) accompanied by the year of first publication and the name of the copyright proprietor (example: © 2006 John Doe). This notice must be placed in such a manner and location as to give reasonable notice of the claim to copyright. Since the Berne Convention prohibits formal requirements that affect the “exercise and enjoyment” of the copyright, the United States changed its law on March 1, 1989, to make the use of a copyright notice optional. U.S. law, however, still provides certain advantages for use of a copyright notice; for example, the use of a copyright notice can defeat a defense of “innocent infringement.”

5.write about patent ownership?

. OWNERSHIP

Ownership of a patent gives the patent owner the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, selling, or importing into the United States the invention claimed in the patent. 35 U.S.C. 154(a)(1). Ownership of the patent does not furnish the owner with the right to make, use, offer for sale, sell, or import the claimed invention because there may be other legal considerations precluding same (e.g., existence of another patent owner with a dominant patent, failure to obtain FDA approval of the patented invention, an injunction by a court against making the product of the invention, or a national security related issue).

For applications filed on or after September 16, 2012, the original applicant is presumed to be the initial owner of an application for an original patent. See 37 CFR 3.73(a). For applications filed before September 16, 2012, the ownership of the patent (or the application for the patent) initially vests in the named inventors of the invention of the patent. See Beech Aircraft Corp. v. EDO Corp., 990 F.2d 1237, 1248, 26 USPQ2d 1572, 1582 (Fed. Cir. 1993). A patent or patent application is assignable by an instrument in writing, and the assignment of the patent, or patent application, transfers to the assignee(s) an alienable (transferable) ownership interest in the patent or application. 35 U.S.C. 261.

PPL Mid-2 Assignment questions with answers

1.Explain about Generic subprograms in Ada?

Generic Subprograms in Ada

Ada provides parametric polymorphism through a construct that supports the construction of multiple versions of 

program units to accept parameters of different data types. The compiler upon request from the user program constructs the different versions of the subprogram. Because the versions of the subprogram all have the same name, this provides the illusion that a single subprogram can process data of different types on different calls. Because program units of this sort are generic in nature, they are sometimes called generic units.

                The same mechanism is used to allow different versions of a single subprogram to include uses of different subprograms. This is useful in providing the functionality of subprograms passed as parameters.

2.Explain about abstract data types in C++ with an example.?

Data abstraction refers to, providing only essential information to the outside world and hiding their background details, i.e., to represent the needed information in program without presenting the details.

Data abstraction is a programming (and design) technique that relies on the separation of interface and implementation

Now, if we talk in terms of C++ Programming, C++ classes provides great level of data abstraction. They provide sufficient public methods to the outside world to play with the functionality of the object and to manipulate object data, i.e., state without actually knowing how class has been implemented internally.

For example, your program can make a call to the sort() function without knowing what algorithm the function actually uses to sort the given values. In fact, the underlying implementation of the sorting functionality could change between releases of the library, and as long as the interface stays the same, your function call will still work.

In C++, we use classes to define our own abstract data types (ADT). You can use the cout object of class ostream to stream data to standard output like this:

3.Write short notes on the basic elements of PROLOG?

Prolog is a programming language based on a fragment of first-order predicate logic.

Formulas of first-order logic are formed using basic predicates (and terms), logical connectives and quantifiers.
A basic predicate is used to represent a basic statement about individual elements of the domain we are taking into account. The elements of the domain are denoted by terms.
For instance: even(2), divisible(15,3), greaterThan(5*7,1+1) etc. .
In Prolog, basic predicates are denoted by identifiers beginning with lower case letters. Terms denoting elements of the domain are formed using variables, constants and function symbols.

Elements of Prolog: Expressions, Unification, and Resolution

Prolog is a particularly simple programming language. It consists of a single data structure (which we will refer to here as expression trees) and a single operation on those data structures (called unification). The deductive calculus that it implements is equally simple. There is one inference rule (resolution) and no axioms. Despite all this it is an extremely powerful programming language. It can be used to implement Turing Machines, or theorem provers for full First-Order Logic, or Prolog itself, for example.

5.Compare the functional programming languages with imperative
 Languages.?

The functional programming paradigm was explicitly created to support a pure functional approach to problem solving. Functional programming is a form of declarative programming. In contrast, most mainstream languages, including object-oriented programming (OOP) languages such as C#, Visual Basic, C++, and Java –, were designed to primarily support imperative (procedural) programming.

Characteristic	Imperative approach	Functional approach
Programmer focus	How to perform tasks (algorithms) and how to track changes in state.	What information is desired and what transformations are required.
State changes	Important.	Non-existent.
Order of execution	Important.	Low importance.
Primary flow control	Loops, conditionals, and function (method) calls.	Function calls, including recursion.
Primary manipulation unit	Instances of structures or classes.	Functions as first-class objects and data collections.

Although most languages were designed to support a specific programming paradigm, many general languages are flexible enough to support multiple paradigms. For example, most languages that contain function pointers can be used to credibly support functional programming. Furthermore, in C# 3.0 and Visual Basic 9.0, explicit language extensions have been added to support functional programming, including lambda expressions and type inference. LINQ technology is a form of declarative, functional programming.

software engineering Mid-2 assignment quetions with Answers

1.  explain strategies approach to software testing?

• STRATEGIC APPROACH

• Testing is a set of activities that can be planned in advance and conducted systematically.

• Many strategies exist, all follow these generic characteristics:

• To perform testing, a software team should conduct effective formal technical reviews. This eliminates errors before testing commences.

• Testing begins at the component level and works outward toward the integration of the entire computer-based system.

• Different testing techniques are appropriate at different points of time.

• Testing is conducted by the developer of the software and (for large projects) an independent test group.

• Testing and debugging are different activities, but debugging must be accommodated in any testing strategy.

2. VERIFICATION VS. VALIDATION

Verification refers to the set of activities the ensures that software correctly implements a specific function. Validation refers to a different set of activities that ensures that the software that has been built is traceable to customer requirements.

 3.  ORGANIZING TESTING

 “ Optimism is the occupational hazard of programming; testing is the treatment.” Kent Beck “ The first mistake that people make is thinking that the testing team is responsible for assuring quality”

2. Describe the test strategies of conventional software?

•Unit testing

–Exercises specific paths in a component's control structure to

 ensure complete coverage and maximum error detection

–Components are then assembled and integrated

•Integration testing

–Focuses on inputs and outputs, and how well the components

 fit together and work together

•Validation testing

–Provides final assurance that

 the software meets all

 functional, behavioral, and 

performance requirements

•System testing

–Verifies that all system 

elements (software, 

hardware,

 people, databases) mesh properly and that overall system

 function and performance is achieved.

3.Define Smoke Testing?

Smoke testing is the initial testing process exercised to check whether the software under test is ready/stable for further testing.

The term ‘Smoke Testing’ is came from the hardware testing, in the hardware testing initial pass is done to check if it did not catch the fire or smoked in the initial switch on.

Prior to start Smoke testing few test cases need to created once to use for smoke testing. These test cases are executed prior to start actual testing to check critical functionalities of the program is working fine. This set of test cases written such a way that all functionality is verified but not in deep.

Advantages of Smoke testing: 

It helps to find issues introduced in integration of modules. It helps to find issues in the early phase of testing. It helps to get confidence to tester that fixes in the previous builds not breaking major features (off course, only features exercised by smoke testing).

4.Design evaluation Process ?

Refer Unit-4 All In one

5.Explain various Product Metrics?

1. ‰ Software quality
2. ‰ Metrics for the analysis model
3. ‰ Metrics Metrics for the design model
4. ‰ Metrics for source code
5. ‰ Metrics for testing
6. ‰ Metrics for maintenance

What is Product Metrics?

Ans: They focus on the quality of deliverables. Product metrics are combined across several projects to produce process metrics.
Metrics for the product:

Software engineering Mid -2 questions

                                         SE Questions Bank

UNIT-III

PART-A
    1) Explain the Object Constraint Language?
    2) Define Coupling?
    3) Explain the difference between coupling and cohesion?

PART-B
1a). Discuss about the designing class-based components?
   b). Explain the different types of coupling and cohesion concepts?
2. a). List and explain the conventional components?
    b).Describe the Golden Rules of User Interface Design?
 3. a). Discuss the user interface analysis and design?
     b) Explain the Design Evaluation process?

                                                    UNIT-IV

PART-A
1) Define Unit Testing?
2) Discuss the Integration Testing?
3) Describe Validation Testing?
4) Define Smoke Testing?
5) List out various Product Metrics?
6) Define Software Measurement?

PART-B                              
    1 a) Explain the Strategic approach to software testing?
       b) Describe the test strategies of conventional software?
    2. a) Explain the Black Box Testing?
        b) Discuss about the White Box Testing?
    3. a) Describe the Art of Debugging?
        b) Explain about the Metrics for Analysis?
   4. a) List and explain the metrics of Design?
     b) Explain the metrics of testing phase?
  5. a) Explain Objectives of testing?
     b) What are the principles of testing?
  6. a) Describe the process of Product Revision?
    b) Discuss about the Product Transpose?


                                                   UNIT-V

PART-A
  1) Define Reactive Risk Strategy?
  2) Define proactive Risk Strategy?
  3) Expand RMMM Plan?
  4) Describe the different categories of business risk?
  5) Explain about the technical risk?
  6) Define software quality?

PART-B

  1. a)Explain the risk management?                                      
     b) Discuss the risk mitigation?
  2. a)Explain about the risk monitoring & management?
     b) Elaborate the RMMM plan?
  3. a)Differentiate between known risk and predictable risk?
     b) Explain the risk management principles?
  4. a) Discuss  the statistical software quality assurance?
     b) Explain the six sigma principles for the software engineering?
  5. a)Explain about the ISO 2000 standard?
    b) Compare the reliability and the availability metric?
  6. a)Define  guidelines for the review meeting?
    b) Explain the variation control & the cost of the quality?

R13 Syllabus Book for ECE 2-1 JNTUH

 Syllabus Book for ECE 2-1 JNTUH

Download Link for Syllabus 2-1 ece

ECE(R13).pdf

R13 Syllabus Book for CSE 2-1 JNTUH

Syllabus Copy Of 2-1 R13 Computer Science Engineering

Download Link for Full Syllabus 

CSE(R13).pdf

Btech 1st Year R15 Syllabus Book From Jntu Hyderabad

First Year Syllabus Book From Jntu Hyderabad

JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY HYDERABAD

(Established by Andhra Pradesh Act No.30 of 2008)

Kukatpally, Hyderabad – 500 085, Andhra Pradesh (India)

Download Link

R15 COURSE STRUCTURE AND SYLLABUS